Oct 05, · A literature review was established to search electronic research databases, e-journals collections, and printed journals, books, dissertations, and theses for relevant articles. The search strategy interchangeably used the terms of “dashboard”, “performance measurement system”, and “executive information system” with the term of Studying history is important because doing so allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us to understand our present. 1. The Ethical and Social Issues of Information Technology: A Case Study Ehsan Sargolzaei Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Zabol Zabol, Iran Mohammad Nikbakht Studying history is important because doing so allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us to understand our present. 1. The Ethical and Social Issues of Information Technology: A Case Study Ehsan Sargolzaei Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Zabol Zabol, Iran Mohammad Nikbakht
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. So, the healthcare sector needs interactive performance management tools such as performance dashboards to measure, monitor, and manage performance more effectively.
The aim of this article was to identify key issues that need to be addressed for developing high-quality performance dashboards in healthcare sector. A literature review was established to search electronic research databases, e-journals collections, and printed journals, phd dissertations online zabol university, books, dissertations, and theses for relevant articles.
Eligible articles were included if they had explicitly focused on dashboards, performance measurement systems or executive information systems design. Finally, 28 relevant articles included in the study. Creating high-quality performance dashboards requires addressing both performance measurement and executive information systems design issues.
Covering these two fields, identified contents were categorized to four main domains: KPIs development, Data Sources and data generation, Integration of dashboards to source systems, and Information presentation issues. This study implies the main steps to develop dashboards for the purpose of performance management. Performance dashboards developed on performance measurement and executive information systems principles and supported by proper back-end infrastructure will result in creation of dynamic reports that help healthcare managers to consistently measure the performance, continuously detect outliers, deeply analyze causes of poor performance, phd dissertations online zabol university effectively plan for the future.
Healthcare organizations are increasingly faced with the challenge of providing the high quality service in affordable cost 1. Effective management and improving performance of such challenging systems require identification and optimization of multiple variables. In response to this need, Executive information systems EISs were used in the s and s to aid analysts and executives in decision-making through graphical displays and accessible interfaces.
More recently, EIS has been replaced by more interactive tools called performance dashboards 4. As an interactive performance management tool, performance dashboard is a layered information delivery system that presents on a single screen the most important information about strategic objectives attainment enabling managers to measure, monitor, and manage performance more effectively.
If supported by a proper IT infrastructure and well organized based on performance measurement principles, performance dashboards enable managers to focus on more important activities, identify problem areas that need corrective actions, analyze root causes of poor performance, forecast trends, and establish benchmarks 5 - However, development of these interactive tools requires meeting a variety of issues to ensure their efficiency and effectiveness The main objective of this article was to identify practical issues that need to be addressed for developing high-quality performance dashboards in complex environment of healthcare sector.
To conduct a literature review on performance dashboards development, we searched peer-reviewed articles in research databases including Scopus, Pub Med, IEEE Explore, and Google scholar; and e-journals collections including EBSCO, phd dissertations online zabol university, Science direct, Emerald, Springer Link, and Wiley.
Furthermore, printed journals, books, dissertations, and theses were hand- searched for relevant studies that were not captured from the databases. Articles were identified by conducting title searches. The search process was limited to articles written in English either in print or in online journals and published between and Eligible articles were included if they had explicitly focused on dashboards, performance measurement systems PMS or executive phd dissertations online zabol university systems EIS design.
The records were screened for relevance to topic of the study. Articles seemed to be relevant, retrieved and read in full. The lists of references within the relevant articles were also hand-searched. Some phd dissertations online zabol university were excluded due to irrelevancy to the topic or inaccessibility to their full text.
Remained full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Figure 1 illustrates the flow of information through the different phases of review process. Included articles were reviewed and their contents were categorized based on performance dashboards development features.
Performance dashboard concept stems from PMS and EIS literature. PMS design principles generally relate to what to measure and how to structure the performance measurement system 1213phd dissertations online zabol university, while EIS design principles deals with data creation, data collection, data analysis, and information presentation processes So, creating high-quality performance dashboards requires addressing both PMS and EIS design issues.
Covering these two fields, identified contents were categorized to four main domains as follows:. PMs that dashboards capture and display are just as important as their other design features, as dashboards will be useful only if the data they provide are valuable As the most valuable content of dashboards, KPIs that are performance measures in key areas of a service provide the foundation for performance measurement, and help to measure progress against predefined targets or benchmarks, spend more time on critical activities, and compare performance across the organization.
Well-defined KPIs exactly indicate where corrective actions should be adopted 15 So, Key issues that need to be addressed regarding KPIs are mainly focused on phd dissertations online zabol university selection and development:. Focusing on few measures can potentially lead to ignore other important performance areas or functional and environmental features. Furthermore, isolated measures, phd dissertations online zabol university, developed separately, will not provide a comprehensive, consistent and fair assessment of performance.
Establishing a well-categorized not necessarily balanced set of KPIs initially requires a well-defined methodology and considering different dimensions of performance 17 In this regards, a variety of reference models, such as The Performance Pyramid, balanced scorecard BSCand The Performance Prism are used to incorporate a range of well-categorized measures to produce a more rounded picture of performance and ensure that different aspects are incorporated in the performance measurement process 19 - Identification of KPIs should be through evidence-based academic literature or consensus of experts to ensure their validity Development of metrics dictionary is also suggested to get detailed understanding of the individual metrics including their name, purpose, equation, phd dissertations online zabol university, target, thresholds, units of measure, frequency of recording and reporting, and data source s Furthermore, to ensure management commitment to KPIs, the owner s of each KPI should be assigned Interconnectivity between selected measures is an important concern in dashboard development as well.
In this regard, establishing hierarchical structure of measures or identifying lead and lag measures i. manageable against result measures is necessary for investigating their mutual impacts and providing drill down capability of each KPI The number of KPIs should be limited. It means that Phd dissertations online zabol university should be concerned to high priority areas 15 Identifying sources of data and the processes used for data generation are important issues in dashboards development Key issues in this regard are mainly focused on data sources, and generated data quality:.
Identifying the source of data for each KPI is one of the most essential aspects to develop dashboards, as data may be stored in several inconsistent source systems such as organization information system, accounting system, human resource systems, etc. Furthermore, inconsistencies in the meaning and definition of data elements should be resolved to ensure consistent reporting Feasibility of selected KPIs is ensured by data availability.
So, some new processes may be required to record existing data or generate new data Voluminous amounts of irrelevant data and poor data quality and reliability are of main key factors to utilize dashboards to the maximum extent and to produce reliable results.
In order to address issues related to the quality and reliability of data, it is very important to concentrate efforts on improving data generation processes Systems and procedures that capture and process data enable measurements to be made regularly Key issues in this regard are mainly focused on IT infrastructures used to capture data from various data sources, integrate these data and link them to dashboards in the most appropriate way Designing a proper architecture to support the dashboards requires understanding different types of phd dissertations online zabol university hosting structures, phd dissertations online zabol university, different ways of data replication and delivery methods, and the best query language for these data structures Choosing a system suited for organization IT infrastructure is an important issue for developing efficient dashboards:.
Data hosting structures may differ depending phd dissertations online zabol university the diversity of data sources and type of reports and queries. Relational online transactional processing OLTP databases are applied to develop fixed reports and queries that are very similar to the data entry form.
However, integration of different data sources, creating flexible reports and multidimensional analysis require BI-based back-end infrastructure including data warehousing and online analytical processing OLAP. However, there are dashboard systems that utilize associative technology, meaning that it can gather data from multiple sources without having to store the data in intermediate storages Delivering data to dashboards in a standard way requires applying service oriented architecture SOA due to its web-based open platform, minimum data transformation, and real-time delivery Updating dashboards requires complete data processing procedure.
So, the speed of this process determines dashboards data refresh rates and updating intervals from real-time to hourly, weekly, etc. Data presentation generally relates to dashboard as an interface design features. As to dashboards design, visual and functional features should be distinguished. These features are usually used in combination to improve cognition and interpretation 9 :. Visual features design is concerned with how efficiently and effectively information is presented to the user 9.
Poor visual design may confuse the user and interrupt decision making, phd dissertations online zabol university. So, a good balance between visual complexity and information utility is necessary 34 - According to cognitive fit theory, graphs are more useful for tasks that require identifying relationships i.
comparing, clustering, ranking, forecasting, and pattern recognition while tables are better for tasks that require extracting specific values and combining them into an overall judgment. Also, decision makers with a low level of analytical skills make better decisions when they use graphical format compared to tabular format. Furthermore, when the complexity of the decision environment increases, tabular formats are generally preferred to graphical formats 36 - However, considering the option to change display format i.
to tabular format or graphs based on users need is essential for dashboard visual flexibility 9. Dashboards functional features describe what they can do. Real-time notifications and alerts, drill-down capabilities, and scenario analysis are main functional features of performance dashboards 79. It is important that the functional features of the dashboard fit with its purpose sphd dissertations online zabol university, otherwise, it may result in incorrect decisions 9.
All dashboards share a common purpose- that is, to present right information quickly for right decision making. More specifically, dashboards include a wide range of purposes such as consistent measuring, monitoring, phd dissertations online zabol university, and multi dimensional analysis. Moreover, according to phd dissertations online zabol university nature of the problem that needs to be solved, these purposes may vary from static reporting to knowledge discovering 710 So, exact distinction among these purposes is a major determinant of dashboards functional features.
For example, real-time notifications are in need when dashboard is used as a monitoring tool, scenario analysis is a necessary feature when it is used as a planning tool; or drill down is necessary for a more detailed analysis 9. Static nature of performance reporting systems in health care sector due to several reasons, such as lack of consensus on Key measures, inconsistent data sources, poor data quality, lack of IS support, etc.
Therefore, there is a clear demand for interactive performance management tools in this area. In response to this need, performance dashboards as interactive tools of performance management have been proposed to satisfy decision-support needs by incorporating new features such as outliers detection, drill down capabilities and scenario analysis in addition to high visual display, phd dissertations online zabol university.
This study was established to organize practical issues for developing performance dashboards. The issues were mainly organized based on a combination of PMS and EIS development issues.
So, this study implies the main steps to develop dashboards as information systems for the purpose of performance management. As a whole, developing high-quality performance dashboards in complex context of healthcare sector with its data-intensive and technology driven environment, needs to address several issues about KPIs development, data sources, data quality, dashboards integration to source systems, and data presentation to users.
As for limitations, this study mainly focused on design phase of performance dashboards and other phases of dashboards development life cycle were not included in the scope of this study.
So, more studies are being designed to cover those fields.
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, time: 11:00Development of Performance Dashboards in Healthcare Sector: Key Practical Issues
Oct 05, · A literature review was established to search electronic research databases, e-journals collections, and printed journals, books, dissertations, and theses for relevant articles. The search strategy interchangeably used the terms of “dashboard”, “performance measurement system”, and “executive information system” with the term of Studying history is important because doing so allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us to understand our present. 1. The Ethical and Social Issues of Information Technology: A Case Study Ehsan Sargolzaei Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Zabol Zabol, Iran Mohammad Nikbakht Studying history is important because doing so allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us to understand our present. 1. The Ethical and Social Issues of Information Technology: A Case Study Ehsan Sargolzaei Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Zabol Zabol, Iran Mohammad Nikbakht
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