PHYSICAL INJURIES AND DEATH. A direct pathway between police brutality and health is through injury and death. The most comprehensive information about the connection between race and death during police encounters comes from data collected by a UK newspaper, The Guardian.9 Analysis of those data concluded that in , “young Black men were nine times more likely than other When writing a research paper on argumentative topics you should focus on picking a topic that is current and relevant to society and can be argued logically. Argumentative Research Paper Topics and Ideas: Abortion; Affirmative Action; Police Brutality. Believe it or not, there have always been rumors charging police misconduct Police brutality is a complex phenomenon, which has widespread effects on today’s society. In recent years, the police have come under serious scrutiny for police brutality, and this has been underscored by the presence of video camcorders
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Alang conceptualized the commentary and wrote the first draft. McAlpine framed the message and edited the commentary, research paper on police brutality. McGreedy assisted with the review of studies. McGreedy and R. Hardeman assisted with editing. Hardeman contextualized the message within structural racism and health scholarship. We investigated links between police brutality and poor health outcomes among Blacks and identified five intersecting pathways: 1 fatal injuries that increase population-specific mortality rates; 2 adverse physiological responses that increase morbidity; 3 racist public reactions that cause stress; 4 arrests, incarcerations, and legal, medical, and funeral bills that cause financial strain; and 5 integrated oppressive structures that cause systematic disempowerment.
Public health scholars should champion efforts to implement surveillance of police brutality and press funders to support research to understand the experiences of people faced with police brutality. We must ask whether our own research, teaching, and service are intentionally antiracist and challenge the institutions we work in to ask the same, research paper on police brutality. To reduce racial health inequities, public health scholars must rigorously explore the relationship between police brutality and health, and advocate policies that address racist oppression.
Police brutality toward Blacks in the United States is not new. However, in the absence of a standard definition or good data, the extent of police brutality remains difficult to quantify. Historical evidence of public harming of Black bodies by police dates back at least to the era of slavery, when police disciplined Blacks and recaptured those who escaped enslavement. Access to these videos has led to unprecedented public discourse on what constitutes brutality, its connections to White supremacy, and the consequences for Black lives.
Certainly, excessive use of physical violence constitutes brutality. But as others have noted, brutality goes beyond physical force. It includes emotional and sexual violence as well as verbal assault and psychological intimidation. Blacks are significantly more likely to experience police brutality than are Whites, and whiteness affords protection against police use of force.
White supremacy and structural racism norms, laws, and policies that operate in institutions to limit life chances for communities of color 8 negatively affect health. To date, little empirical work has linked police brutality to poor health among populations who disproportionately experience brutality.
To generate discourse and more research on this subject, we propose five intersecting mechanisms through which police brutality is linked research paper on police brutality excess morbidity among Blacks at both the individual and the community level:.
arrests, incarcerations, and legal, medical, and funeral bills that cause financial strain; and. A direct pathway between police brutality and health is through injury and death.
The most comprehensive information about the connection between race and death during police encounters comes from data collected by a UK newspaper, The Guardian, research paper on police brutality. For some victims of police brutality, death is not immediate but results from repeated physical injury while in police custody. InDondi Johnson was arrested in Baltimore, Maryland, for public urination and placed in a police vehicle.
Johnson entered the police vehicle in otherwise good health and left a quadriplegic, later dying from injuries sustained in the vehicle. Other high-profile cases of death as a result of maltreatment in police custody include Freddie Gray Baltimore, MD, and Sandra Bland Waller County, TX, Police killings increase Black-specific mortality rates.
Even though only two percent of injuries from police interventions that require treatment in the emergency department or hospital result in death, 11 Blacks are almost five times more likely than are Whites to have a police intervention-related injury.
This is an area for further investigation. Each episode of police brutality has emotional and physiological effects on individuals and communities. Witnessing or experiencing harassment, routine unwarranted searches, and deaths that go unpunished send a message to Black communities that their bodies are police property, disposable, and undeserving of dignity and justice.
Defending the character of loved ones after the police have killed them can also be excruciating, eliciting more negative emotions.
Although warranted, these emotions might research paper on police brutality damaging to individual mental health and might elevate distress at the population level. Experiencing or witnessing police brutality, hearing stories of friends who have experienced brutality, and having to worry about becoming a victim are all stressors. When faced with a threat, the body produces hormones and other signals that turn on the systems that are necessary for survival in the short term.
But when the threat becomes reoccurring and persistent—as is the case with police brutality—the survival process becomes dangerous and causes rapid wear and tear on body organs and elevated allostatic load.
Black people often have the task of explaining to non-Black friends, co-workers, and strangers the connection between structural racism and the latest police shooting. This is a profoundly stressful process to undergo while grieving these deaths. One example of a racist public reaction that might cause stress is arguing that victims were somehow responsible for their own untimely murders—dissecting the guilt or innocence of the murdered persons versus understanding how White supremacy might have caused this, research paper on police brutality.
Another example is when protests that call for systemic change and accountability come under the scrutiny of the police, media, and other predominantly White institutions that judge the manner of protest as unacceptable. Black women, men, research paper on police brutality, and children wake up to another incident of a police killing on the morning news or on social media and are expected to go about their daily activities as though it does not affect them.
But exposure to such videos can be traumatic and can affect well-being over the life course. In addition, it is painful for Black people to go to work and see business as usual while they are feeling devalued. Research paper on police brutality brutality affects individual and community health through its toll on productivity and on the economy.
In addition to job loss after incarceration, survivors of brutality may have to deal with disabilities resulting from police use of excessive force. Police brutality also affects the economic productivity of Black communities because loved ones take time away from paid work to grieve, plan and attend funerals, and organize protests. These events result from police brutality, and they take away resources that are already limited in Black communities as research paper on police brutality result of structural racism.
Financial strain and poverty affect the health of Blacks by limiting access to healthy food, research paper on police brutality, exposing families to environmental hazards and poor housing conditions, and making it harder to access health services. The impact of police brutality is much broader than simply affecting the individuals who have experienced racialized violence.
Research paper on police brutality is a constant reminder of the historic and current devaluing of Black lives. Excessive police force and inadequate prosecution of perpetrators might increase feelings of powerlessness in the Black community, diminishing perceptions of gains made by the civil rights movement. Frequently, the only semblance of justice for victims of police brutality is to gain sympathizers in the court of public opinion.
The perceived lack of justice can research paper on police brutality mistrust in law enforcement, further hurting the relationship between the police and Black communities. This might limit access to appropriate and necessary law enforcement services such as protection from violent crime and timely intervention during emergencies and disasters.
The impact of police brutality on the well-being of the Black community parallels the effects of the racism that exists in so many other aspects of everyday life: education, housing, employment, and health care. Understanding how police brutality affects health requires seeing it both as the action of individual police officers and research paper on police brutality part of a system of structural racism that operates to sustain White supremacy.
A silver lining is that police brutality has given rise to movements, such as Black Lives Matter and Blacktivist, that resist systemic oppression of Blacks and advocate their rights to live freely and with dignity. However, the existence of these movements does not erase the feelings of powerlessness that affect well-being in Black communities.
At the forefront of public health are discussions of preventable causes of death, illness, and disease. Police brutality is highly preventable. As public health scholars, our agenda should include generating evidence of the causal relationship between police brutality and health inequities and seeking solutions.
A primary challenge in understanding the impact of police brutality on health is the lack of data. The fact that the best data to date come from newspapers such as The Guardian and The Washington Post is humbling. The National Violent Death Reporting System offers some estimates of deaths linked to police intervention, but not all states participate.
We must require national surveys that collect data about health and stress to include stressors that are pertinent to all individuals. Simple questions about how often respondents have been pulled over by police Philando Castile was reportedly pulled over 49 times in 13 yearshow often respondents are followed in stores, and so on can be powerful indicators of the types of everyday stressors that are the products of racism. We must also press funders to support qualitative research that seeks to understand the lived experiences of people faced with police brutality.
Ethnographies, case studies, and interviews might help us better understand the nature of police brutality, the context in which it is experienced, and how it affects well-being. Qualitative work has described how frequent adverse encounters have led Blacks to be negatively disposed toward police. The absence of perfect data is not an excuse for our neglect. Public health scholars can use publicly available data from sources such as the Police—Public Contact Survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the New York City Stop and Frisk program.
With these data they can begin documenting evidence by assessing whether people who report experiencing excessive use of force also belong to groups that are more likely to have negative health outcomes. One study using these data found higher rates of adverse health conditions such as high blood pressure among Blacks living in highly and inequitably policed areas regardless of their individual negative contact with police.
Partnerships with police departments may enable researchers to extract information from available event reports and summaries to generate useful data sets, research paper on police brutality.
We will be limited in our ability to achieve health equity if all our measures of social inequality and determinants of health are racially coded. Public health has prided itself on its strong focus on social justice and equity. Public health readily examines consequences and by-products of racism such as poverty, lower health literacy, environmental pollutants, and lack of access to services among Blacks. We encourage scholars to purposefully go beyond these by-products and highlight racism and White supremacy as the issues that underlie racial health inequities.
It might be useful to explore the impact of these contemporary movements on the social, economic, and political empowerment research paper on police brutality well-being of Black communities. In addition to research, our work in advocacy and policy development should confront oppression in all its forms.
At the Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, the American Public Health Association resolved to bring the issue of police violence to the forefront of public policy. Among several advocacy action steps in a policy statement, the American Public Health Association urges federal, state, research paper on police brutality, and local governments to demilitarize police, decriminalize behaviors such as loitering and minor traffic violations, end racialized stop and frisk, and invest in addressing root causes of instability among Black communities.
Finally, we must ask ourselves if our own research, teaching, and service are fundamentally and unapologetically antiracist, research paper on police brutality. For example, our schools and programs must include systematic ongoing training on skills for navigating racial bias explicit and implicit in and outside of the classroom.
This requires critical self-consciousness so faculty and practitioners become comfortable with the language and concepts of antiracist praxis and naming racism and White supremacy. Confronting ourselves and the institutions that pay us is uncomfortable—for us, our collaborators, the administration, and our students. But discomfort can produce the best scholarship.
We cannot champion efforts to eradicate racial health inequities without interrogating how our own scholarship might be influenced by structural racism and its consequences in the Black community. Even research paper on police brutality we focus on Blacks in this commentary, the pathways we have specified and the agenda we have proposed should be used to explore health inequities across a range of marginalized populations, including Native Americans and Latinos, who experience police brutality at alarmingly high rates.
We must continue to assemble evidence that will move us closer to dismantling the systems that maintain excess morbidity and mortality, especially among historically oppressed groups. We thank the editor and reviewers for their thoughtful comments. We acknowledge the suffering of families that have been directly affected by police brutality, a few of whose experiences we cite.
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Police Brutality Research Paper Presentation
, time: 16:44Police Brutality and Black Health: Setting the Agenda for Public Health Scholars
PHYSICAL INJURIES AND DEATH. A direct pathway between police brutality and health is through injury and death. The most comprehensive information about the connection between race and death during police encounters comes from data collected by a UK newspaper, The Guardian.9 Analysis of those data concluded that in , “young Black men were nine times more likely than other Finding a good topic for your research paper is challenging. Here is a compiled list of original and interesting research paper topics to help you get started. + info@blogger.com When writing a research paper on argumentative topics you should focus on picking a topic that is current and relevant to society and can be argued logically. Argumentative Research Paper Topics and Ideas: Abortion; Affirmative Action; Police Brutality. Believe it or not, there have always been rumors charging police misconduct
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