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In accordance with New York City mandate, all visitors age 12 and older must be vaccinated against COVID Masks are required for all visitors. Throughout the Middle Ages, however, Christians sought to close the distance between themselves and God by engaging in physical travel toward a spiritual goal. Such journeys served a variety of functions: a pilgrim might set out to fulfill a vow, to buy essay on herbert a crime, buy essay on herbert, to seek a miraculous cure, or simply to deepen his or her buy essay on herbert. None of these purposes is specific to Christian pilgrimage—the idea of the sacred journey is a feature of many religions—yet by the fourth century A.
Persons from all walks of life made religious journeys, with far-reaching consequences for society and culture as a whole. This essay concentrates on the impact of pilgrimage on art and architecture in Western Europe from late antiquity through the fifteenth century. The earliest Christian pilgrims wished to see the places where Jesus and the apostles had lived on earth, buy essay on herbert.
This meant journeying to the Holy Land, a relatively easy buy essay on herbert in the fourth century, buy essay on herbert, when the Roman empire still unified the Mediterranean world.
Major theologians of the period, including Saints Jerome and Augustine, endorsed spiritual travel as a retreat from worldly concerns. In this sense, they equated pilgrimage with the monastic way of life, which pilgrims sometimes embraced after completing their journeys. The best-documented early travelers to the Holy Land worked to achieve individual spiritual enrichment by reading and living the Bible on location. Fremantle et al. For Paula, the Biblical texts and the very spot where she stood helped her to witness sacred events and so to believe more deeply.
In the s and s, Constantinethe first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity, constructed sumptuous buildings on several locations that had already become popular destinations for pilgrims.
These churches often incorporated a round or centrally planned element, a form associated with tombs and the shrines buy essay on herbert martyrs. The distinctive features of these buildings were widely copied in churches, tombs, and baptisteries throughout Europe, sometimes with specific references to the Holy Land. Octagonal glass bottles made as buy essay on herbert for pilgrims The city of Rome became another major destination for pilgrims.
Easier of access for European pilgrims than the Holy Land, Rome had also been the home of many saintly martyrs, including the apostles Peter and Paul, and the places where they were buried attracted pious travelers from a buy essay on herbert early date. Constantine erected great basilicas buy essay on herbert the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul, and pilgrims visited these as well as other churches associated with miraculous events.
A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics, material objects like the bones or clothes of the saints, the sight or touch of which was supposed to draw the faithful nearer to saintliness. Rome was particularly rich in relicsbut as the Middle Ages progressed, other places acquired important relics and became centers of pilgrimage themselves.
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, huge numbers of pilgrims flocked to Santiago de Compostela in northern Spain, where the relics of the apostle Saint James the Greater were believed to have been discovered around Canterbury was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle-working relics of Thomas Becket, the sainted archbishop of Canterbury who was martyred at the hands of knights of King Henry II in and canonized shortly thereafter.
The relics of local saints drew visitors from closer range to sites like Saint Frideswide in Oxford, and San Nicola Peregrino in Trani. In addition to attracting religious travelers, the veneration of relics provided a springboard for the creation of works of art, buy essay on herbert. Sculptors and goldsmiths made the reliquaries required to enshrine the holy objects The translation of relics from one place to another, either within a church or across a great distance, was cause for celebration and often depicted in art Artists made objects that allowed pilgrims to commemorate their journey, ranging from simple badges It was customary for pilgrims to bring offerings to the shrines they visited, and many of these, too, were works of art: costly liturgical vessels, elaborate priestly vestments, and other precious objects enriched the treasury of every pilgrimage church, buy essay on herbert.
Before departing, the pilgrim normally received a blessing from the local bishop and made a full confession if the pilgrimage was to serve as a penance. To signal his special vocation, buy essay on herbert, the pilgrim put on a long, coarse garment and carried a staff and small purse—Saint James is often depicted with this distinctive gear Serious-minded pilgrims engaged in constant devotions while en route, and some carried prayer books or portable altars Monasteries located along the pilgrimage roads Some monastic churches also housed relics of their own, and these often incorporated an interior passageway called an ambulatory, which allowed pilgrims to circulate and venerate the relics without interrupting the monks in their regular orders of prayer.
The need to accommodate larger numbers of pilgrims caused many churches to undertake major renovations, for example, Saint-Denis, which was dramatically altered under Abbott Suger in the early twelfth century. The concept and experience of pilgrimage was so strong in medieval Europe that it fired the imagination of the age and set the tone for travel of all kinds. The Crusadesarmed campaigns mounted to win control of the Holy Land, were understood as a particular kind of pilgrimage, and so were many of the quests pursued by knights in life and legend.
The norms of medieval pilgrimage affected the visual arts as well. For example, an ivory carved around depicts the risen Christ with the two disciples who met him on the road to Emmaus; they are shown as contemporary pilgrims, with walking sticks, a vessel for water, and a purse marked with buy essay on herbert cross The ivory reflects the popularity of Santiago de Compostela, then at the height of its fame, buy essay on herbert it differs markedly from another depiction of the same subject in a ninth-century ivory, where the travelers wear modified classical garb and pursue their goal less emphatically A fragment of a painting by Sassetta represents another biblical journey, that of the Magi on the way to adore the infant Jesus; the kings are fashionably dressed, mounted on buy essay on herbert, and surrounded by a lively entourage, like aristocratic pilgrims traveling in state The increase of humanity and naturalism in religious art buy essay on herbert this time may be linked to this type of spiritual exercise.
Even travels of nonreligious character might share the spirit of pilgrimage or appear so in art. Sorabella, Jean. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, —, buy essay on herbert. htm April Ashley, Kathleen, buy essay on herbert, and Marilyn Deegan.
Being a Pilgrim: Art and Ritual on the Medieval Routes to Santiago. Burlington, Vt. Barnes, Ruth, and Crispin Branfoot, eds. Pilgrimage: The Sacred Journey. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, Husband, Timothy B. The Art of Illumination: The Limbourg Brothers and the Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, See on MetPublications. Kessler, Herbert L. Rome On the Path of the Pilgrim.
New Haven: Yale University Press, Sumption, Jonathan. The Age of Pilgrimage: The Medieval Journey to God. Mahwah, N. Wilken, Robert L. Cambridge, Mass. Visiting The Met? Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe. Hexagonal Pilgrim's Jar with Jewish Symbol. Plaque with Scenes at Emmaus. Bursa Reliquary. Plaque with the Holy Women at the Sepulchre. Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere.
Reliquary Pendant with Queen Margaret of Sicily Blessed by Bishop Reginald of Bath. Reliquary Casket with Scenes from the Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket. Arm Reliquary. Saint-Guilhem Cloister.
Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the History of His Relics. Booklet with Scenes of the Passion. Reliquary Bust of Saint Yrieix, buy essay on herbert. The Adoration of the Magi Giotto di Bondone. Pilgrim's Badge of the Shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. The Belles Heures of Jean de France, duc de Berry The Limbourg Brothers. Annunciation Triptych Buy essay on herbert Altarpiece Workshop of Robert Campin.
The Journey of the Magi Sassetta Stefano di Giovanni. Saint James the Greater Gil de Siloe. Jean Sorabella Independent Scholar April Citation Sorabella, Jean. htm April Further Reading Ashley, Kathleen, and Marilyn Deegan. See on MetPublications Kessler, Herbert L, buy essay on herbert. Stalley, Roger. Early Medieval Architecture.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, Additional Essays by Jean Sorabella Sorabella, Jean. Related Essays Art for the Christian Liturgy in the Middle Ages The Crusades — Monasticism in Western Medieval Europe Private Devotion in Medieval Christianity Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity The Age of Saint Louis — The Birth and Infancy of Christ in Italian Painting Constantinople after The Cult of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages Édouard Baldus — Fra Angelico ca.
Romanesque Art Saints and Other Sacred Byzantine Figures Sixteenth-Century Painting in Venice and the Veneto Stained Glass in Medieval Europe Trade and Commercial Activity in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Middle East Chronology Florence and Central Italy, — A.
Florence and Central Italy, — A. France, — A.
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